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Land reform (also agrarian reform, though that can have a broader meaning) involves the changing of laws, regulations or customs regarding land ownership.〔Batty, Fodei Joseph. "Pressures from Above, Below and Both Directions: The Politics of Land Reform in South Africa, Brazil and Zimbabwe." Western Michigan University. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association. Chicago, Illinois. April 7–10, 2005. p. 3. ()〕 Land reform may consist of a government-initiated or government-backed property redistribution, generally of agricultural land. Land reform can, therefore, refer to transfer of ownership from the more powerful to the less powerful, such as from a relatively small number of wealthy (or noble) owners with extensive land holdings (e.g., plantations, large ranches, or agribusiness plots) to individual ownership by those who work the land.〔Borras, Saturnino M. Jr. "The Philippine Land Reform in Comparative Perspective: Some conceptual and Methodological Implications." ''Journal of Agrarian Change''. 6,1 (January 2006): 69–101.〕 Such transfers of ownership may be with or without compensation; compensation may vary from token amounts to the full value of the land.〔Adams, Martin and J. Howell. "Redistributive Land Reform in Southern Africa." Overseas Development Institute. DFID. Natural Resources Perspectives No. 64. January 2001. ()〕 Land reform may also entail the transfer of land from individual ownership—even peasant ownership in smallholdings—to government-owned collective farms; it has also, in other times and places, referred to the exact opposite: division of government-owned collective farms into smallholdings.〔Adams, Martin and J. Howell. ("Redistributive Land Reform in Southern Africa." ) Overseas Development Institute. DFID. ''Natural Resources Perspectives'' No. 64. January 2001.〕 The common characteristic of all land reforms, however, is modification or replacement of existing institutional arrangements governing possession and use of land. Thus, while land reform may be radical in nature, such as through large-scale transfers of land from one group to another, it can also be less dramatic, such as regulatory reforms aimed at improving land administration.〔(Ghana's Land Administration Project )〕 Nonetheless, any revision or reform of a country's land laws can still be an intensely political process, as reforming land policies serves to change relationships within and between communities, as well as between communities and the state. Thus even small-scale land reforms and legal modifications may be subject to intense debate or conflict.〔Lund, Christian. ''Local Politics and the Dynamics of Property in Africa''. Cambridge University Press: New York. 2008.〕 ==Land usage and tenure == (詳細は"Land Tenure: An Introduction." ) Working Paper no. 02-13. May 2002. University of Hawaii.〕 Land reforms, which change what it means to control land, therefore create tensions and conflicts between those who lose and those who gain from these redefinitions (see next section).〔Boone, Catherine. "Property and Constitutional Order: Land Tenure reform and the Future of the African State." ''African Affairs''. 2007. 106: 557–586.〕 Western conceptions of land have evolved over the past several centuries to place greater emphasis on individual land ownership, formalized through documents such as land titles.〔Locke, John. ''Two Treatises of Government''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. () 1991. and Smith, Adam. ''The Wealth of Nations''. Books 1—III. London: Penguin Books. 1999.〕 Control over land, however, may also be perceived less in terms of individual ownership and more in terms land use, or through what is known as land tenure.〔("What is land tenure?" ) Food and Agriculture Organization.〕 Historically, in many parts of Africa for example, land was not owned by an individual, but rather used by an extended family or a village community. Different people in a family or community had different rights to access this land for different purposes and at different times. Such rights were often conveyed through oral history and not formally documented.〔Dekker, Henri A.L. (''The Invisible Line: Land Reform, Land Tenure Security and Land Registration'' ). Ashgate: Burlington, 2003. p. 2.〕 These different ideas of land ownership and tenure are sometimes referred to using different terminology. For example, "formal" or "statutory" land systems refer to ideas of land control more closely affiliated with individual land ownership. "Informal" or "customary" land systems refer to ideas of land control more closely affiliated with land tenure.〔"Land Law." Law and Development. The World Bank. February 23, 2007. (),〕 Terms dictating control over and use of land can therefore take many forms. Some specific examples of present day or historic forms of formal and informal land ownership include: * Traditional land tenure, as in the indigenous nations or tribes of North America in the Pre-Columbian era. * Feudal land ownership, through fiefdoms * Life estate, interest in real property that ends at death. * Fee tail, hereditary, non-transferable ownership of real property. * Fee simple. Under common law, this is the most complete ownership interest one can have in real property. * Leasehold or rental * Rights to use a common * Sharecropping * Easements * Agricultural labor – under which someone works the land in exchange for money, payment in kind, or some combination of the two * Collective ownership * Access to land through a membership in a cooperative, or shares in a corporation, which owns the land (typically by fee simple or its equivalent, but possibly under other arrangements). * Government collectives, such as those that might be found in communist states, whereby government ownership of most agricultural land is combined in various ways with tenure for farming collectives. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「land reform」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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